Nature, 27 June 2024, Volume 630 Issue 8018

《天然》, 2024年6月27日，第630卷，8018期

质料科学Materials Science

Large-area, self-healing block copolymer membranes for energy conversion

用在能量转换的年夜面积自愈嵌段共聚物膜

▲ 作者：Christian C. M. Sproncken, Peng Liu et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07481-2

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们先容一种自拆卸计谋，该计谋使用水两相体系的界面来模板化以及不变扩大面积跨越10 cm2且完好陷的份子薄膜（约35 nm）仿生嵌段共聚物双层。

这些薄膜可自我修复，且对于离子经由过程的樊篱功效（比电阻约为1 MΩ cm2）靠近磷脂膜。薄膜的流动性使份子载体可以或许举行间接的功效化，这些份子载体具备比钠离子更邃密的选择性，可以将钾离子沿浓度梯度向下穿越。这类离子选择性使患上于模仿电射线的电器官的装配中，于NaCl以及KCl的等摩尔溶液可以或许孕育发生电能。

▲ Abstract：

Here we introduce a self-assembly strategy that uses the interface of an aqueous two-phase system to template and stabilize molecularly thin (approximately 35 nm) biomimetic block copolymer bilayers of scalable area that can exceed 10 cm2 without defects. These membranes are self-healing, and their barrier function against the passage of ions (specific resistance of approximately 1 MΩ cm2) approaches that of phospholipid membranes. The fluidity of these membranes enables straightforward functionalization with molecular carriers that shuttle potassium ions down a concentration gradient with exquisite selectivity over sodium ions. This ion selectivity enables the generation of electric power from equimolar solutions of NaCl and KCl in devices that mimic the electric organ of electric rays.

海洋科学Marine Science

Observations of diapycnal upwelling within a sloping submarine canyon

对于歪斜海底峡中谷底旋上升流的不雅测

▲ 作者：Bethan L. Wynne-Cattanach, Nicole Couto et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07411-2

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们展示以天天100米的速度沿等高线上升的猛烈近底部上升流，加之近界限以及内部流体的绝热互换。这些不雅测是经由过程于歪斜海底峡谷内接近海底开释一种染料举行的，它们为深海中以底部为中央的猛烈底旋上升流提供了间接证据。这撑持了先前的不雅点，即混淆的地形特性（如峡谷）会于全世界规模内致使显著的上升流。咱们不雅测到的上升流速度约莫比全世界净上升流的平均值（约30 × 106 m3 s-1）高10000倍。

▲ Abstract：

Here we show vigorous near-bottom upwelling across isopycnals at a rate of the order of 100 metres per day, coupled with adiabatic exchange of near-boundary and interior fluid. These observations were made using a dye released close to the seafloor within a sloping submarine canyon, and they provide direct evidence of strong, bottom-focused diapycnal upwelling in the deep ocean. This supports previous suggestions that mixing at topographic features, such as canyons, leads to globally significant upwelling. The upwelling rates observed were approximately 10,000 times higher than the global average value required for approximately 30 × 106 m3 s-1 of net upwelling globally.

Rhizobia–diatom symbiosis fixes missing nitrogen in the ocean

根瘤菌—硅藻共生可固定海洋中缺掉的氮

▲ 作者：Bernhard Tschitschko, Mertcan Esti et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07495-w

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们陈诉一种非蓝藻固氮共生体的发明——Candidatus Tectiglobus diatomicola，它为其硅藻宿主提供固定氮以换取光合碳。这类固氮共生体属在根瘤菌纲，它与单细胞硅藻的联合扩展了已经知宿主的规模，凌驾了尽人皆知的陆地固氮根瘤菌与豆科的共生瓜葛。

咱们的研究成果注解，于北年夜西洋热带地域，根瘤菌—硅藻共生可以提供与蓝藻固氮同样多的固定氮，而且它们可能卖力于蓝藻太稀疏而没法注释丈量率的广漠海洋地域固定氮。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report the discovery of a non-cyanobacterial N2-fixing symbiont, ‘Candidatus Tectiglobus diatomicola’, which provides its diatom host with fixed nitrogen in return for photosynthetic carbon. The N2-fixing symbiont belongs to the order Rhizobiales and its association with a unicellular diatom expands the known hosts for this order beyond the well-known N2-fixing rhizobia–legume symbioses on land. Our results show that the rhizobia–diatom symbioses can contribute as much fixed nitrogen as can cyanobacterial N2 fixers in the tropical North Atlantic, and that they might be responsible for N2 fixation in the vast regions of the ocean in which cyanobacteria are too rare to account for the measured rates.

医学Medicine

Sleep loss diminishes hippocampal reactivation and replay

睡眠有余会削减海马体的再激活以及重放威力

▲ 作者：Bapun Giri, Nathaniel Kinsky, Utku Kaya, Kourosh Maboudi, Ted Abel Kamran Diba

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07538-2

▲ 择要：

于这里，咱们记载了年夜鼠于履历迷宫摸索、睡眠以及睡眠褫夺落伍行恢复性睡眠， 12小时的CA1神经元勾当。咱们发明，于睡眠褫夺时期，海马尖波波纹（SWRs）体现出连续或者更高的频次，但功率较低，频次颠簸较高。锥体细胞于睡眠褫夺时体现出连续的放电，而于睡眠状况时则体现出放电削减，但不管睡眠状况怎样，它们于SWRs时期的放电率都是相似的。只管于睡眠褫夺时期有强盛的放电以及富厚的SWRs，但咱们发明于这些期间神经元放电模式的再激活以及重放削减了，与自由睡眠比拟，于某些环境下以至彻底消散了。于恢复性睡眠后，年夜脑的再激活会部门反弹，但没有到达天然睡眠时的程度。

▲ Abstract：

Here we recorded CA1 neuronal activity over 12 h in rats across maze exploration, sleep and sleep deprivation, followed by recovery sleep. We found that sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) showed sustained or higher rates during sleep deprivation but with lower power and higher frequency ripples. Pyramidal cells exhibited sustained firing during sleep deprivation and reduced firing during sleep, yet their firing rates were comparable during SWRs regardless of sleep state. Despite the robust firing and abundance of SWRs during sleep deprivation, we found that the reactivation and replay of neuronal firing patterns was diminished during these periods and, in some cases, completely abolished compared to ad libitum sleep. Reactivation partially rebounded after recovery sleep but failed to reach the levels found in natural sleep.

考古学Archaeology

Ancient genomes reveal insights into ritual life at Chichén Itzá

古代基因组展现奇琴伊察的祭奠糊口

▲ 作者：Rodrigo Barquera, Oana Del Castillo-Chávez et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07509-7

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们展示了从64个可追溯到公元500—900年摆布的亚成年个别中得到的全基因组数据，这些个别是奇琴伊察祭奠中央的神圣天坑四周的一个地下群葬中发明的。遗传阐发注解，所阐发的个别均为男性，有几个个别亲缘瓜葛紧密亲密，包孕两对于同卵双胞胎。

双胞胎因表现了神以及英雄之间的二元性，于玛雅以及更广泛的中美洲神话中据有凸起职位地方，但直到此刻，他们尚未于古代玛雅人的殡葬中被辨认出来。除了了与人类免疫有关的某些遗传位点（包孕人类白细胞抗原复合物）外，该地域现代人的基因对于比显示出与奇琴伊察古代住民的遗传具备持续性，这多是殖平易近期间传入该地域的感染病而致使的顺应的旌旗灯号。

▲ Abstract：

Here we present genome-wide data obtained from 64 subadult individuals dating to around AD 500–900 that were found in a subterranean mass burial near the Sacred Cenote (sinkhole) in the ceremonial centre of Chichén Itzá. Genetic analyses showed that all analysed individuals were male and several individuals were closely related, including two pairs of monozygotic twins. Twins feature prominently in Mayan and broader Mesoamerican mythology, where they embody qualities of duality among deities and heroes, but until now they had not been identified in ancient Mayan mortuary contexts. Genetic comparison to present-day people in the region shows g���enetic continuity with the ancient inhabitants of Chichén Itzá, except at certain genetic loci related to human i妹妹unity, including the human leukocyte antigen complex, suggesting signals of adaptation due to infectious diseases introduced to the region during the colonial period.

治理学Management Science

Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance

混淆办公可以于不影响事情体现的环境下提高员工留存率

▲ 作者：Nicholas Bloom, Ruobing Han James Liang

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07500-2

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们举行了一项为期六个月的随机比照实验，查询拜访了2021—2022年间一家中国科技公司1612名员工于家混淆办公的环境。咱们发明，混淆事情提高了事情满足度，并将告退率降低了三分之一。对于在非治理职员、女性员工以及通勤时间较长的人来讲，告退率的降落很是显著。零等效性测试注解，于此后两年的审查中，混淆事情不影响绩效成就。咱们没有发明任何证据注解，于接下来的两年里，不管是整体照旧于任何重要的员工群体中，提升方面会存于差异。

末了，零等效性测试也注解，混淆办公对于计较机项目师员工编写代码没有影响。咱们还发明，于试验中，395位治理者转变了他们对于混淆办公对于出产力影响的观念，从试验前的负面影响（平均为- 2.6%）到试验后感知到的踊跃影响（+1.0%）。这些成果注解，每一周于家事情两天的混淆办公规划不会降低员工的体现。

▲ Abstract：

Here we ran a six-month randomized control trial investigating the effects of hybrid working from home on 1,612 employees in a Chinese technology company in 2021–2022. We found that hybrid working improved job satisfaction and reduced quit rates by one-third. The reduction in quit rates was significant for non-managers, female employees and those with long co妹妹utes. Null equivalence tests showed that hybrid working did not affect performance grades over the next two years of reviews. We found no evidence for a difference in promotions over the next two years overall, or for any major employee subgroup. Finally, null equivalence tests showed that hybrid working had no effect on the lines of code written by computer-engineer employees. We also found that the 395 managers in the experiment revised their surveyed views about the effect of hybrid working on productivity, from a perceived negative effect (2.6% on average) before the experiment to a perceived positive one (+1.0%) after the experiment. These results indicate that a hybrid schedule with two days a week working from home does not damage performance.